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“Giants of the Ring”: A Tribute to the African American Athlete in Boxing
From: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND POPULAR CULTURE

ALI, MUHAMMAD
From: Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States

ALI, MUHAMMAD (1942– )
From: Encyclopedia of Multicultural Education

Ali, Muhammad (1942–)
From: Encyclopedia of the Great Black Migration

Ali, Muhammad (b. 1942)
From: The Jim Crow Encyclopedia

Ali, Muhammad (born 1942).
From: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature

ALI, MUHAMMAD (Cassius Clay)
From: The Malcolm X Encyclopedia

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
From: Historical Dictionary of the 1970s

BIBLIOGRAPHY
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 1: BOXING IN ITS HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 2: THE LIP IS LAUNCHED: CASSIUS CLAY EMERGES, 1942–1960
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 3: THE LIP ARRIVES: MAY 1960–JUNE 1963
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 4: THE LISTON BOUTS AND THE “TOTAL ECLIPSES OF THE SONNYS”: JUNE 1964–MAY 1965
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 5: THE BRIEF ASCENDANCY AND LONG FALL: JUNE 1965–APRIL 1967
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 6: EXILE: APRIL 1967–SEPTEMBER 1970
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 7: A TRIUMPHANT RETURN: OCTOBER 1970–JANUARY 1974
From: Muhammad Ali

Chapter 8: FROM FOREMAN TO RETIREMENT: THE LAST PROFESSIONAL YEARS
From: Muhammad Ali

CHAPTER FOUR: The Struggle Continues
From: Student Almanac of African American History

ESKRIDGE, CHAUNCEY
From: The Malcolm X Encyclopedia

MUHAMMAD ALI
From: African -American Sports Greats

MUHAMMAD ALI
From: Quotations in Black

THRILLA IN MANILA
From: Historical Dictionary of the 1970s

TIMELINE: SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN MUHAMMAD ALI’S LIFE
From: Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali, 1967. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Cassius Clay (center) strolls around the Olympic Village in Rome in 1960, showing off his Gold Medal with other American boxing champions, Wilbert McClure (l) and Edward Crook. (AP/Wide World Photos)

Muhammad Ali (standing, far left) cranes his neck to see his religious idol and mentor, Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad (at podium). (Photofest)

ABC sports commentator and friend Howard Cosell (with mic on left) interviews Muhammad Ali at the armed services induction center in Houston. On April 28, 1967, Ali refused to be inducted into the military and was soon stripped of his title. (AP/Wide World Photos)

Ali employs his “rope-a-dope” strategy against George Foreman. Ali won a stunning upset victory, regaining the heavyweight championship on October 30, 1974. (AP/Wide World Photos)

Ali pounds Joe Frazier, as he wins their rubber bout in the “Thrilla in Manilla” on October 1, 1975. (Photofest)

Ali married his third wife, Veronica Porsche, in 1977. They were divorced nine years later. (Photofest)

Ali lights his torch from the one carried by U.S. swimming champion, Janet Evans. He then completed the final leg in the torch lighting ceremony at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. (AP/Wide World Photos)

World heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali speaking to a group of his admirers during the mid-1970s. Courtesy of Iman Johnny Hasan.

Ali announces his conversion to Islam. He holds a book by Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad. (Library of Congress)