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Part One: 1770–1900: Out of the House of Bondage
From: The Negro Vanguard

Free Blacks, 1790–1820
From: History of Black Americans

Arkansas
From: Slavery in the South

ATTUCKS, CRISPUS (1723–1770)
From: Encyclopedia of Multicultural Education

Chapter 3: The Development of African American Masculinity among Free Black Males, 1619-1861
From: “I Will Wear No Chain!”

Chapter 3: The Freedmen’s Bureau, 1865–72
From: The Reconstruction Era

CHAPTER 4: Fighting Old and New Enemies: The South, 1865–1877
From: Reconstruction

Chapter 7: Freedmen’s Bureau Act, 1866
From: The Reconstruction Era

CHAPTER V. : FREEDOM AFTER SLAVERY.
From: Thirty Years a Slave

Civil war and emancipation
From: AFRICANS AND SEMINOLES

Conclusion
From: AFRICANS AND SEMINOLES

Contracts
From: Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era [Two Volumes]

Delaware
From: Slavery in the South

Florida
From: Slavery in the South

Volunteers on a Freedom Rider’s Bus, while police cars and soldiers line the streets, 1961. Courtesy Library of Congress. Free Persons of Color in the Antebellum North
From: Encyclopedia of Racism in the United States

FREEDMEN
From: Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery

Freedmen's Relief Societies
From: Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era [Two Volumes]

FREEDMEN’S BUREAU
From: Encyclopedia of Multicultural Education

Freedmen’s Bureau
From: Encyclopedia of Racism in the United States

FREEDMEN’S BUREAU
From: Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction

Georgia
From: Slavery in the South

Liberia
From: The Jim Crow Encyclopedia

Louisiana
From: Slavery in the South

Maryland
From: Slavery in the South

PREFACE
From: The Development of State Legislation Concerning the Free Negro

Primary Documents of Reconstruction
From: Reconstruction

South Carolina
From: Slavery in the South

Tennessee
From: Slavery in the South

Texas
From: Slavery in the South

In a scene typical of postwar Alabama and other Deep South states, a family of freed slaves continues to live in former slave quarters. (Library of Congress.)

Log cabins like this one belonging to a black freedman were a common form of housing in both antebellum and postwar Missouri. (Library of Congress.)

Tennessee freedmen line up for assistance at the Memphis office of the Freedman’s Bureau. (Library of Congress.)

Freed slaves, escorted by Union soldiers, migrate to North Carolina after the 1863 issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Misses Cooke’s school room, one of the schools established for former slaves by the Freedmen’s Bureau, Richmond, Virginia.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Freedmen’s schools offered education to African American children as well as adults. (Library of Congress)